Evidence for panpsychism

• Evidence for panpsychism. “If the panpsychists are right, it could cast doubt on the foundations of a worldview that has been deeply embedded in our psyche for hundreds of years: that humans are superior to everything around them. Fechner’s panpsychism raises the important question of the limits of consciousness: Is consciousness limited to human beings and animals? Or should we extend it to plants and indeed all organic beings? Probably the best way to locate panpsychism within the mind–body problem is to see it as the counter position to emergentist views of mentality (of which modern physicalist theories are all examples). Nov 9, 2018 · The ancient theory of consciousness, panpsychism, is undergoing something of a revival within philosophy of mind. Oct 20, 2016 · The view has a long history in both Eastern and Western philosophy, and many of the greatest philosophers have taken it seriously. Panpsychism. Returning to Russell’s original view, Stubenberg argues that the contrast between Russell’s neutral monism and panpsychism is pronounced. , $27. Leading thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Baruch Spinoza, were panpsychists, and it Aug 17, 2021 · Most of our intuitions about what qualifies as evidence of consciousness affecting a system don’t survive scrutiny. This book collects many of the most recent voices arguing for panpsychism as an alternative in analytic philosophy of mind in the twenty-first century. Panpsychism is the idea that the building blocks of matter a capable of experience (consciousness). Instead it is inherent in matter — all matter. Jun 30, 2024 · Engage with the Evidence: Explore the scientific literature on panpsychism and assess the evidence for and against it. May 8, 2021 · The paper draws on scientific resources formed around the notion of Free Energy Principle to reconstruct two well-known defences of panpsychism. But suppose that stones and human bodies were not composed of the same elements; would this constitute evidence against panpsychism or would it at least deprive panpsychism of evidence that is at present supporting it? Sep 20, 2016 · Such an idea—panpsychism as it is known —might sound like New-Age mysticism, consciousness is an unlikely candidate for this fundamental property. For Gottfried Wilhelm Jul 23, 2021 · Panpsychism, by its very premise, would make it possible to merge the two disciplines. In a debate with philosopher Philip Goff in 2019, Chalmers defended his view that panpsychism is a Oct 20, 2016 · Panpsychism is the thesis that mental being is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of the universe. Dec 2, 2020 · In other words, panpsychism shouldn’t be anywhere near as controversial as it is within the scientific community. If grounding means that Nov 8, 2023 · Panpsychism has a long history, with both Western and Eastern philosophers. Although he is Non-Constitutive Forms of Panpsychism What seems difficult to make sense of in the subject-summing problem is certain conscious subjects coming together to constitute a new subject. Strictly speaking it cannot be tested; the unobservable nature of consciousness Jul 2, 2021 · Panpsychism is a natural development of phenomenal realism. That said, I am not an expert in philosophy of mind, so take this with a grain of salt. A hierarchy of dissociation could account for the reports. In recent years, Scientific American has been sympathetic to panpsychism as well. Nov 23, 2022 · As a result, given that we are conscious organisms, learning that our experiences participate in harmonious correlations does not generate self-locating evidence for the biological view over panpsychism; a fortiori, it does not generate such evidence that undercuts Harmony’s support for panpsychism. It serves as a stress test for phenomenal realism. I take a closer look at each of them to assess their advantages and weaknesses. Chris H Hardy Keywords: Consciousness, Physics Abstract Five types of processes display a ‘beyond spacetime’ property—or nonlocality as evidenced in the quantum entanglement—, including psi, proven to operate beyond-brain and beyond-spacetime. 45 As a result, the objection does not show that we reach erroneous conclusions when we reason from our more general Nov 1, 2019 · What panpsychism offers us is a simple, elegant way of integrating consciousness into our scientific worldview. Neither of these are knock-down arguments. Simplicity and parsimony also run up against other criteria of theory-choice. This is what makes panpsychism an interesting view, even for those who find it wildly implausible. As dissatisfaction with physicalist approaches to consciousness has increased—and as the “hard problem” of how neurological activity might equate to or produce consciousness has become apparently more intractable—the alternative of presuming that Merker et al. Idealism contends consciousness is all that exists, the material world (and science) being an illusion [8]. ” Bergson disputes this idea which ultimately constitutes a kind of Platonism. Earlier this year, Gareth Cook interviewed panpsychist philosopher Philip Goff (right), author of Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness, at SciAm in a respectful way, as if he really wanted to know what Goff thought and why (January 14, 2020). Along with outlining the problem, it also outlines some potential solutions for the panpsychist and assesses their viability. But it's difficult to write about this at this stage, because the evidence isn't as solid as that for ordinary events. In principle, the concept of integrated information can be applied to photodiodes and subatomic particles, but I suggest the main obstacle is the lack of any evidence to confirm the presence of consciousness. In this spirit, I briefly review the evidence on psi to see what explanation of consciousness might best be supported. The key challenge for panpsychism is the so-called combination problem. Oct 20, 2016 · The main reason for holding panpsychism is that it avoids the problem of strong emergence. In this article I will present an argument for panpsychism. Panpsychism, (from Greek pan, “all”; psychē, “soul”), a philosophical theory asserting that a plurality of separate and distinct psychic beings or minds constitute reality. May 23, 2001 · Panpsychism is the doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe. One of the first Presocratic philosophers of ancient Greece, Thales (c. And there are indirect reasons, of a broadly theoretical character, for taking the view seriously. This is a live issue in philosophy, with at least one reputable modern philosopher, Galen Strawson, arguing that our experience of consciousness is strong evidence for panpsychism (though not for Chopra’s specific . Specifically, we argue A very active subreddit to debate and pose arguments to atheists. 11 Aside from this, Nov 11, 2022 · Integrated information and panpsychism: toward a deep understanding of the nature of consciousness The feeling of life itself: why consciousness is widespread but can’t be computed , by Christof Koch, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press, 2019, 280 pp. Jan 1, 2020 · addition, evidence for panpsychism is more secure than evidence for any physical theory as we know for sure consciousness exists because we directly experience it , in contrast with electrons, of Feb 26, 2020 · Nautilus has sparked the debate with articles by leading thinkers about panpsychism, which continues this week with two new essays, by, respectively, Harris and science writer George Musser, and a rerun of our most popular essay on the subject, in support of panpsychism, by Norwegian philosopher Hedda Hassel Mørch. Nov 25, 2020 · The evidence—consciousness, in this case—is not surprising on the hypothesis of panpsychism, but is surprising on the hypothesis of physicalism, as well as many of panpsychism’s rivals. We show that physical and phenomenal magnitudes—such as May 1, 2017 · Panpsychism is the view that everything has a mind or has mind-like qualities. After all, there is no scientific evidence concerning the intrinsic properties of elementary particles. Panpsychism – Introduction – Peter Sjöstedt-H – (Rough Lecture Notes) Panpsychism is the view that forms of sentience are ubiquitous in nature, in contradistinction to the popular notion that sentience is an emergent property of the physiology of complex animals. physical evidence supporting panpsychism. But this description might be too coarse-grained. The view has a long and venerable history in philosophical traditions of both East and West, and has recently enjoyed a revival in analytic philosophy. Jun 21, 2017 · Authors. [7]: 1 The use of "psyche" is controversial because it is synonymous with "soul", a term usually taken to refer to something supernatural; more common terms now found in the literature include mind, mental properties, mental aspect, and experience. Constitutive panpsychists need to make sense of this, as they hold that facts about human and animal subjects are constituted of facts about more fundamental kinds Apr 1, 2012 · Chopra’s spirituality is a variant of panpsychism, the proposition that “mind” is a fundamental aspect of the universe. Feb 8, 2018 · And hence the fact that we are ourselves such observers is powerful evidence against the multiverse theory. Most notably, philosopher David Chalmers began suggesting, in the late 1990s, that the mere existence of the panpsychist theory has important logical consequences for how we understand scientific materialism. Panpsychism runs deeply counter to common sense, and many dismiss it as unscientific. May 7, 2024 · Panpsychism is the view that mentality is fundamental and ubiquitous in the natural world. There is no evidence whatsoever that provides proof that non-evolved objects have I recall Sam interviewing her on the podcast and her giving a lukewarm defense of panpsychism, the view that consciousness is an intrinsic property of the universe and present in everything to some small degree. 624–545 BCE) deployed an analogical argument for the attribution of mind that tends towards panpsychism. However, through meditation and entheogens, I have experienced states that seem to be completely novel i. Contents: Intro. We discuss panpsychism to raise a number of philosophical questions about S&’s hypothesis. Ells asserts that "experiential entities are the fundamental entities of idealist panpsychism". It is true that we do not have much direct evidence for panpsychism, but we also do not have much direct evidence against it, given the difficulties of detecting the presence or absence of consciousness in other Jul 21, 2022 · According to what I’ve called mind-first metaphysics, the physical facts of our world metaphysically supervene on broadly mental facts. I recall thinking I should read her book to hear more about it and see if there's any actual evidence or logic behind it. Each theory faces unique challenges in its attempt to explain the nature of consciousness. It is where you end up if you to stick firmly to the path that begins with the depsychologization of consciousness. 's critique calls for a deeper analysis of panpsychism. Of course I’ve only briefly touched upon the principles of Whitehead panpsychism but we can gather from it that we must utterly change our clunky materialist concept of brute matter existing objectively in external space The idea that even simple matter has some degree of consciousness is known as panpsychism. Brief History. ” addition, evidence for panpsychism is more secure than evidence for any physical theory as we know for sure consciousness exists because we directly experience it, in contrast with electrons, of which we have merely indirect evidence. Unsurprisingly, each of the key terms, “mind”, “fundamental” and “throughout the universe” is subject to a variety of interpretations by panpsychists, leading to a range of possible philosophical positions. Commonly, it is considered that these processes obey the “laws of nature. In contrast to substance dualism (the view that the universe consists of two kinds of substance, matter and mind), panpsychism does not involve minds popping into existence as certain forms of complex life emerge, or else a soul descending from an immaterial realm at the moment of conception. 95 (Hardcover), ISBN 9780262042819 Feb 16, 2021 · Panpsychism provides a way around this conundrum. But new evidence shows a brain is not necessary for cognition. I'm currently re-reading Peter Ells' 2010 book, Panpsychism, because he discusses in detail many controversial topics that arise in philosophical metaphysics of Consciousness. I then explore a framework for neutral monism, using well-known features of quantum mechanics, to May 31, 2022 · This article argues that if panpsychism is true, then there are grounds for thinking that digitally-based artificial intelligence (AI) may be incapable of having coherent macrophenomenal conscious experiences. 1. With the master argument for panpsychism clearly laid out, the parallels in metaethics are striking. In 25 year’s tree planting in the Scottish Highlands I’d seen a lot of wind sculpted Bog Pine but nothing quite like this. In contrast, he develops the idea that physical processes are a particular case of automatic behaviors. In other words, everything has consciousness. After all, what is the evidence that particles are not conscious? Oct 1, 2020 · Here's a little summary on 'panpsychism' for those who aren't familiar with it: Panpsychism is the idea that consciousness is a fundamental aspect of the universe and is present in all matter. It is thought to be highly Panpsychism is increasingly being taken seriously in both philosophy and science, but it is still not unknown for panpsychists to receive the odd incredulous stare. But in recent debates, the definitions of panpsychism and neutral monism have become so fluid that they tend to collapse into each other. Sep 25, 2023 · Part of the appeal of panpsychism is that it appears to provide a workaround to the question posed by Chalmers: we no longer have to worry about how inanimate matter forms minds because Jan 1, 2014 · Panpsychism, the ancient doctrine that consciousness is universal, offers some lessons in how to think about subjective experience today Jul 5, 2024 · The theory that everything is conscious was mocked as unscientific. Materialism is just generally easier to study because we can see and empirically test every detail, while panpsychism deals with the immaterial — what we May 23, 2001 · 1. urgos Full Professor, enter for Studies and Abstract. He sets out from the ‘locus classicus’: William James’s presentation of the combination problem in his 1890 The Principles of Psychology. Oct 16, 2020 · A huge variety of organisms, from bacteria to mice, display complex behavior and cognitive capacities, but “behavioral evidence for cognitive capacities is not necessarily evidence for conscious awareness in animals since much of cognition occurs nonconsciously”. Aug 5, 2015 · Despite Popper’s criticisms, panpsychism’s proponents have gradually worked their way back into the philosophical mainstream. Post your best arguments for the supernatural, discuss why your faith is true, and tell us how your reasoning led you to a belief in the supernatural. The word itself was coined by the Italian philosopher Francesco Patrizi in the sixteenth century, and derives from the two Greek words pan (all) and psyche (soul or mind). May 23, 2001 · 1. 11 Aside from this, Mar 18, 2017 · True; though there’s a large difference between a theory being *entirely* based on evidence/data and a theory having *no* evidence/data at all. There are (at least) four versions of mind-first metaphysics: traditional idealism, according to which physical things consist of the sort of experiences sentient beings typically have when they perceive physical things; a strong form of panpsychism evidence for panpsychism, but we also do not have much direct evidence against it, given the difficulties of detecting the presence or absence of consciousness in other systems. I am not saying the evidence is insufficient, just that it isn't as solid as everyday reality. According to panpsychism, the smallest bits of matter – things such as electrons and quarks – have very basic kinds of experience; an electron has an inner life. In this sense, they imply a motor memory immanent to Jul 18, 2017 · In the case of panpsychism, while there isn’t evidence in favor of it, if it is false the universe must be significantly more complicated (and thus less likely, according to parsimony) to account for the observations. May 4, 2007 · The reader of RM may think that Strawson's real physicalism suffers from a much more glaring problem: it simply isn't physicalism at all. This doesn’t mean that literally everything is conscious. e. It’s not simply that living things are conscious, for that would not explain the remark about trees. May 23, 2001 · Panpsychism is the view that mentality is fundamental and ubiquitous in the natural world. dualism or panpsychism. One aspect of his terminology is puzzling to me though. Does panpsychism have no evidence to support it? You say that you “don’t give any evidence for panpsychism”. This problem arises from the unexpectedness of phenomenal properties: phenomenal properties are instantiated by physical entities such as aggregates of neurons, but this is unexpected and surprising because neurons seem to be fundamentally nonexperiential. Let’s say that an o-moral fact [P] arises from some natural facts \(\varDelta\) just in case the facts in \(\varDelta\) either normatively ground [P] or metaphysically ground [P] (on their own or together with a fact about o-moral or o-normative properties, such as the holding The issue of the after-death state is complex. This paper develops an explanatory problem for panpsychism: panpsychism renders two appealing ensemble explanations unsatisfactory. Panpsychism is the view that all things have a mind or a mind-like quality. (SEP) From my reading, it appears that this view is taken somewhat seriously. Despite the challenges faced by each theory, researchers continue to explore and develop new ideas in the field of consciousness studies. Panpsychism also has radical implications for religions, since so many focus on questions of what happens Although the work of these and other scholars has served to raise the panpsychism question, no thinker to date has developed the problem or a response in detail, a situation likely related to the fact that Merleau-Ponty’s thinking offers ample evidence for and against a panpsychist reading, most especially within the pages of his last and Nov 10, 2021 · Or perhaps not. Instead Panpsychism, although gaining popularity, has been challenged for its lack of scientific evidence. AI may become conscious, too. He also regarded the internal movements of the particles of apparently stationary objects as evidence of their inner life. The question of whether there is a new synthesis remains open. r/DebateAnAtheist is dedicated to discovering what is true, real, and useful by using debate to ascertain beliefs we can be confident about. Jan 1, 2021 · Some philosophical theories of consciousness imply consciousness in things we would never intuitively think are conscious—most notably, panpsychism implies that consciousness is pervasive, even Jul 25, 2024 · Argues that materialism is unscientific nonsense relying on magical thinking and that panpsychism is the only available rational explanation for the emergence of complex experience. Ensemble explanations account for striking phenomena by placing them within an ensemble of outcomes, most of which are not striking. (C) Panpsychism, vitalism, or hylozoism (from Greek hyle, "matter", and zoion, "animal"), the label most commonly used at the time, and the Romantic movement itself, were a reaction against the mechanistic materialism, the "clockwork universe", (questionably) derived by many Enlightenment figures from Newton's Principia. Nov 23, 2021 · Focusing specifically on psychedelics, recent evidence has demonstrated that psychedelics can reliably and robustly induce intense, profound, and personally meaningful experiences that have been Jun 27, 2024 · I have long suspected that panpsychism represents the most likely explanation of how consciousness works. So what is it based on, then? Nov 23, 2022 · In these cases, our evidence does not include mundane background knowledge of our sampling procedures that can be used to establish that our evidence is probabilistically independent of the multiverse hypothesis and panpsychism. Mind is universal. Theists can try to come up with reasons why God would allow the suffering we find in the Universe, and multiverse theorists can try to fine-tune their theory such that our Universe is less unlikely. Aug 24, 2024 · While a superficial view of science might lead us to believe there is no evidence for God, a deeper analysis of the phenomenon of consciousness brings us to a striking conclusion: consciousness could be a universal phenomenon. It simply holds that each ultimate unit of the physical world has a certain ‘charge’ of sentience, which is additional to its physical characteristics, and that in certain circumstances more complex units of nature receive their own Feb 16, 2024 · So, in answer to the question, we may say that the best “evidence we have for panpsychism comes from quantum mechanics. The term panpsychism comes from the Greek pan (πᾶν: "all, everything, whole") and psyche (ψυχή: "soul, mind"). The panpsychism we have considered so far implies no particular view of the nature of physical reality. This chapter explores the conceptual landscape of the most important, current critique of panpsychism—the combination problem. Fully formed depictions of animals, frozen flames, landscapes and symbols to name but a few of the themes represented were spontaneously wind hewn a few hundred years ago then Introductions: Chalmers’ Chalmers 2017 paper focusing on the combination problem is a very good introduction and sets the scene for most of the contemporary debate. Chalmers are being joined by an increasing number of established philosophers defending the claim that panpsychism is currently the most cogent way to understand human consciousness and its Jan 6, 2021 · What would evidence for panpsychism look like? Panpsychists have freely admitted that evidence isn’t a germane notion for panpsychism — or, indeed, for any metaphysical theory. And there are indirect Nov 14, 2013 · What Koch proposes is a scientifically refined version of an ancient philosophical doctrine called panpsychism a primitive form of self-consciousness. My evidence for this claim is laid out below. Dec 7, 2023 · 5 But what about that branch of positivism known as linguistic phenomenalism? That seems to be a form of panpsychism; and, in fact, Meixner, in “Idealism and Panpsychism” has argued that it is, presumably because it took sense data to be the foundations of both knowledge and language, with references to the physical being just a linguistic shorthand with no ontological significance. As I point out, the way in which one argues implies the version of panpsychism one adopts. The main objection made to panpsychism is that it is ‘crazy’ and ‘just obviously wrong’. José E. While the hypothesis seems crazy to many, there is a crazier hypothesis – panpsychism – according to which everything is sentient. Mar 1, 2017 · Panpsychists deny this datum of common sense. Jan 14, 2020 · According to panpsychism, consciousness pervades the universe and is a fundamental feature of it. The Panpsychism is the thesis that physical nature is composed of individuals each of which is to some degree sentient. In recent years, panpsychism appears to have undergone something of a resurgence in the philosophy of mind (Skrbina 2017; Goff 2019). evidence to support their hypothesis. Panpsychism is distinguished from hylozoism (all matter is living) and pantheism (everything is God). The philosopher David Chalmers, who has explored panpsychism as a viable theory, distinguishes between microphenomenal experiences (the experiences of microphysical entities) and macrophenomenal experiences (the experiences of larger entities, such as humans). Jul 26, 2019 · Returning to the case of panpsychism, (B) would be evidence against panpsychism only if panpsychism implies that we should expect to observe consciousness outside of brains. This is despite having no empirical evidence and no predictive power. I reconstruct the argument from continuity by expanding the mind-life continuity thesis under the rubric of the Free Energy Principle (FEP), by showing that FEP does not provide an objective criterion for demarcating the living from the inanimate Oct 20, 2016 · For the same reason, panpsychism is often labeled as a kind of monism. Arguments put forward by renowned figures such as Thomas Nagel, Galen Strawson and David J. For, so far as our evidence goes, panpsychism, but we also do not have much direct evidence against it, given the difficulties of detecting the presence or absence of consciousness in other systems. Philosophy: +ve & -ve Panpsychism offers the hope of an extremely elegant and unified picture of the world. Panpsychism in the History of Western Philosophy. The supposition that electrons have some form of consciousness, albeit extremely basic, is still thought by many to be just too crazy to take seriously. Log In / Sign Up; Advertise on Reddit; Shop Collectible Avatars; Get the Reddit app Jul 1, 2024 · Scientific Evidence for Panpsychism There’s a good reason we have more research on materialism besides the fact that panpsychism has been mostly ignored for the last couple of centuries. In other words, if we allow that panpsychism is correct, and our only evidence for this theory is the observed effect of phenomenal conscious states, then all panpsychism allows us to do is claim that all matter fundamentally has a conscious property to it, and that this conscious property allows for the development of consciousness exactly as Three decades ago, Penrose introduced a key element of panpsychism with his theory that consciousness is rooted in the statistical rules of quantum physics as they apply in the microscopic spaces Apr 8, 2024 · In "Consciousness from Quantum Foam: Integrating Panpsychism, Intelligent Design, and Humanity's Purpose," we embark on an interdisciplinary journey to explore the origins and nature of Expand user menu Open settings menu. Clear indications of panpsychist doctrines are evident in early Greek thought. The probability that consciousness would exist on panpsychism isn’t just high—it’s 1. Jan 12, 2020 · Even where his conclusions extend beyond the empirical evidence for them, they at least raise interesting questions and possibilities. Below is what appears to be the simplest proof ever devised, advocating for the reality … Continue reading Jul 6, 2018 · Physical processes manifest an objective order that science manages to discover. But this is clearly not the case. 2 Modern common sense bridles at the claim that planets, trees, rocks, atoms, or electrons possess mental attributes. After a brief survey of the evidence, I conclude that the best explanation would probably be neutral monism. Yet, Tononi openly stands by it insofar as it follows from IIT. not based on previous experiences. May 3, 2020 · But it’s not just New Scientist. I am certainly open to constructive critiques, questions, and discussion as well!… We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Sep 11, 2023 · In my paper, I examine the three most common arguments for panpsychism: the Continuity Argument, the Hegelian Argument, and the Agnostic Argument. Now, I have no evidence to suggest that a Sep 12, 2018 · This pattern of evidence seems to be challenged by panpsychism, among other theories, in a way that must be addressed by supporters of those theories. There is only scientific evidence concerning what these particles do , and all of that is retained on the Goffian view. Of course, seen as an alternative to Cartesian dualism, panpsychism is monistic in spirit. This conclusion stems from what is known as the “hard problem of consciousness,” which seeks to explain how our first-person experience (or qualia) emerges. For it may seem obvious that any theory that entails panpsychism, or any theory that results from combining anything whatever with panpsychism, is incompatible with the materialist spirit. Section 1 briefly surveys research indicating that neural function and phenomenal consciousness may be both analog in nature. This definition is quite general, and raises two immediate questions: (1) What does Is there any evidence for panpsychism? I tend to think that the hard question of consciousness is irrelevant, and that consciousness is not a fundamental part of the universe. Consciousness is not limited to humans and other animals. Nov 17, 2021 · The idea has many forms and versions, but modern studies of it house them all inside one grand general theory: panpsychism. Instead, our experiences help generate Jul 22, 2022 · Panpsychism claims that the vast majority of conscious subjects in our world are inanimate and physical. In all these views, consciousness lies outside science. Panpsychism is the idea that consciousness did not evolve to meet some survival need, nor did it emerge when brains became sufficiently complex. Cite Plain text BibTeX Formatted text Zotero EndNote Reference Manager RefWorks Mar 1, 2014 · In another approach, panpsychism attributes consciousness to all matter, but without scientific identity or causal influence. Explore the Implications: Reflect on how panpsychism might change your Jan 20, 2014 · Panpsychism is the claim that consciousness is not just a property of the brain, and not a property of some special spiritual kind of substance like the soul, but rather a property of everything Panpsychism and panprotopsychism are synthesized under Russellian monism, and then face an antithesis, the combination problem. It is somewhat akin to hylozoism, but in place of the thesis of the pervasiveness of life in nature substitutes the pervasiveness of sentience, experience or, in a broad sense, consciousness. Therefore, we must reevaluate the assumptions we tend to make about the role consciousness plays in driving behavior, as these assumptions naturally lead to the conclusions we draw about what consciousness is and what causes it addition, evidence for panpsychism is more secure than evidence for any physical theory as we know for sure consciousness exists because we directly experience it, in contrast with electrons, of which we have merely indirect evidence. There is a possible reading of panpsychism where all physical properties are grounded in mental properties. Characterising that pattern precisely is tricky. jxfpb wgahh phrgfhx akt odv urcig qffvfk moiu nrubkl cfb